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Richard Statman
implicit definability
Beth definability theorem
There is a procedure for finding the explict definition from an
implicit definition.
Prove A(P) ∧ A(Q) ⊃ ∀x.(P x ≡ Q x)
>Mycin Shortliffe 7-6979, Guest account, directory = consult
* password = expert
login consult
<mycin>mycin
MYCIN 30-Aug-84 ...
Hi.
Special options (type ? for help):
** MYCINMAKER(T]
<mycin>mycin
?
For a regular infectious disease consultation, just type <cr>.
You may request special features by entering one or more of the
following options (separate options with spaces, end with carriage
return):
BATCH - run case in batch mode, should be followed with case numbers.
CRT - tells the system you are using a display terminal.
DUMP - dump a record of the consultation when it's over.
EXPLAIN - after the consultation, print a terse explanation
of how the results were concluded.
I - requests instructions be printed.
KEEP - causes old cases to be remembered after they are run,
allowing them to be rerun on the next consultation.
n - (a number) reconsider previously-saved case n.
NOQA - don't invoke QA at the end of the consult.
NOFIX - like OLD, but will not ask if changes should be made
to the case.
NOPR - do not print out old questions and answers when running old cases
OLD - consider a previously-saved case (number(s) will be requested).
QA - enter the question/answer module immediately, skipping the
consultation.
READ - (readonly mode) never write updated case file when running old
cases.
REVIEW - after the consultation, review the results. The system will
present its conclusions and you will be allowed to say whether these
are correct. If not, you will be allowed to try to fix the error.
REVISE - allows answers from old cases that are now illegal to be
accepted.
SAVE - create and save file(s) for cases discussed in this
consultation.
SUMMARY - summarize old patient data, rather than printing out
each question and answer.
TAB - tabular entry mode.
TER - enter terse mode.
TEST - after the consultation, test the results by comparing them with
stored correct results for this case and explaining differences
TRACE # - display the conclusions that the system makes, must be
followed by a number from 0 to 3.
TS - write out a typescript file of consultation.
UPDATE - update old patient with new information.
**
25-Nov-84 11:35:29
--------PATIENT-1--------
1) Patient's name:
**
Instructions? (Y or N)
** YES
Please answer the following questions, terminating each response
with RETURN. To correct typing errors, use the DELETE key to delete
single characters, <ctrl>W to delete a word, and <ctrl>Q to delete
the whole line.
If you are not certain of your answer, you may modify the response
by inserting a certainty factor (a number from 1 to 10) in
parentheses after your response. Absolute certainty (10) is assumed
for every unmodified answer. It is likely that some of the following
questions can not be answered with certainty.
You may change an answer to a previous question in two ways.
If the program is waiting for a response from you (that is, has typed
"**"), enter CHANGE followed by the number(s) of the question(s)
whose answers will be altered. You may also change a previous
answer at any time (even when the program is not waiting for a
response from you) by typing <ctrl>F (Fix), which will cause the
program to interrupt its computation and ask what you want to change.
(If the response to <ctrl>F is not immediate, try typing the RETURN
key in addition.) Try to avoid going back because the process
requires reconsidering the case from the beginning and therefore may
be slow.
Note that you may also enter UNK (for UNKown) if you do not know
the answer to a question, ? if you wish to see a more precise
definition of the question or some examples of recognized responses,
?? if you want to see all recognized responses, the word RULE if
you would like to see the decision rule which has generated the
question being asked, the word WHY if you would like to see a more
detailed explanation of the question, or the letters QA if you would
like to interrupt the consultation in order to ask questions
regarding the decisions made so far in the consultation. If you are
ever puzzled about what options are available to you during a
consultation, enter the word HELP and a list of options will be
listed for you.
Sample Response [user input follows the "**"]
Does the patient have a risk factor for tuberculosis?
** ?
One or more of the following are considered risk factors for tb:
a) positive PPD (5TU), b) history of close contact with a
person having active tb, c) household member with a past
history of active tb, d) chest X-ray showing apical scarring,
e) granulomas seen on biopsy of any organ tissue.
Expected responses are: YES NO
Enter HELP for user options.
** YES
SUMMARY:
(type ctrl-O to abort printout)
? - Rephrases the question and gives examples of recognized
responses
?? - prints a list of all recognized responses
CHANGE # - go back and re-request answer to question number #
DEBUG - return to the EMYCIN executive, later use of the OK
command in the executive will return you to this
consultation.
EX <name> - examine the properties of <name>; a parameter, rule,
or context instance.
EXPLAIN - provides a more detailed explanation of a previous
answer given by a WHY command.
FORGET - resets the explanation of the reasoning chain back to the
lowest level, as if you never used the WHY/EXPLAIN commands.
HELP - prints this list.
HOW # - explains HOW the system will achieve a goal referred to
by number # in a previous explanation.
QA - program enters question-answering mode.
RESTART - end the consultation and start a new one.
REVIEW - review the system's conclusions about this case. You will be
asked to specify which conclusions are of interest, and then to
judge whether they are correct. If not, you will be allowed to
try to fix the error.
RULE - prints the current decision rule.
SAVE - Halts the program, saving the current case on a disk
file, retrievable at a later date.
STOP - Halts the program without completing the consultation.
TAB - tabular entry mode.
TRACE - have rule conclusions displayed, must be followed by a
number from 0 to 3.
WHY - gives high-level explanation of the current reasoning
chain that provoked this question.
UNK - answer not known
JANE DOE
2) Age:
** JANE DOE
jane doe
55
JANE DOE55 not a recognized response
What is the age of Jane Doe?
Expected responses are: a number of YEARS
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** JANE DOE55
55
55
JANE DOE5555 not a recognized response
What is the age of Jane Doe?
Expected responses are: a number of YEARS
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** JANE DOE5555
55
JANE DOE5555 not a recognized response
What is the age of Jane Doe?
Expected responses are: a number of YEARS
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** 55
3) Sex:
** FEMALE
4) Race:
** WHITE
5) Are there any cultures for Jane Doe which may be related to the
present illness, and from which organisms have been grown
successfully in the microbiology laboratory?
**
NO
6) Are there any pending cultures for Jane Doe?
** NO
NO
NONO not a recognized response
Are there any pending cultures of Jane Doe?
Expected responses are: YES or NO
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** NONO
NONO not a recognized response
Are there any pending cultures of Jane Doe?
Expected responses are: YES or NO
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** NO
7) Have there been negative (as opposed to pending) cultures
obtained from Jane Doe which may be relevant to the present
illness?
**
yes
YES
NOYES not a recognized response
Are there any suspected infections without microbiological
evidence?
Expected responses are: YES or NO
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** NOYES
NOYES not a recognized response
Are there any suspected infections without microbiological
evidence?
Expected responses are: YES or NO
Enter HELP for list of user options.
**
YES
This infection will be referred to as:
--------SUSPECTED-INFECTION-1--------
9) At what site do you suspect an infection?
** YES
yes
BLOOD
YESBLOOD not a recognized response
What is the site of the suspected infection?
Expected responses are: AMNIOTIC-FLUID ANTERIOR-CHAMBER ARTERY
AV-FISTULA etc.
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** YESBLOOD
YESBLOOD not a recognized response
What is the site of the suspected infection?
Expected responses are: AMNIOTIC-FLUID ANTERIOR-CHAMBER ARTERY
AV-FISTULA etc.
Enter HELP for list of user options.
** BLOOD
10) There is evidence that the suspected blood infection is
associated with bacteremia. Please indicate the infection,
if any, to which you feel this bacteremia may be secondary.
**
blood
** ?
What is the infection to which the bacteremia is secondary?
Expected responses are: AMNIONITIS BACTEREMIA BRAIN-ABSCESS
BRONCHITIS etc.
Enter HELP for list of user options.
**
**
HELP
SUMMARY:
(type ctrl-O to abort printout)
? - Rephrases the question and gives examples of recognized
responses
?? - prints a list of all recognized responses
CHANGE # - go back and re-request answer to question number #
DEBUG - return to the EMYCIN executive, later use of the OK
command in the executive will return you to this
consultation.
EX <name> - examine the properties of <name>; a parameter, rule,
or context instance.
EXPLAIN - provides a more detailed explanation of a previous
answer given by a WHY command.
FORGET - resets the explanation of the reasoning chain back to the
lowest level, as if you never used the WHY/EXPLAIN commands.
HELP - prints this list.
HOW # - explains HOW the system will achieve a goal referred to
by number # in a previous explanation.
QA - program enters question-answering mode.
RESTART - end the consultation and start a new one.
REVIEW - review the system's conclusions about this case. You will be
asked to specify which conclusions are of interest, and then to
judge whether they are correct. If not, you will be allowed to
try to fix the error.
RULE - prints the current decision rule.
SAVE - Halts the program, saving the current case on a disk
file, retrievable at a later date.
STOP - Halts the program without completing the consultation.
TAB - tabular entry mode.
TRACE - have rule conclusions displayed, must be followed by a
number from 0 to 3.
WHY - gives high-level explanation of the current reasoning
chain that provoked this question.
UNK - answer not known
** HELP
help
??
Expected responses are: AMNIONITIS, BACTEREMIA, BRAIN-ABSCESS,
BRONCHITIS, BURN-INFECTION, CELLULITIS, CEREBRITIS, CERVICITIS,
CHOLANGITIS, CHOLECYSTITIS, CONGENITAL-INFECTION,
CONJUNCTIVITIS, EPIDURAL-ABSCESS, CRANIAL-SINUSITIS, SUBDURAL-
ABSCESS, CYSTITIS, DECUBITUS, DISSEMINATED-INFECTION, EMPYEMA,
ENCEPHALITIS, ENDARTERITIS, ENDOMETRITIS, ENDOPHTHALMITIS,
EPIDIDYMITIS, EPIGLOTTITIS, ERYSIPELAS, GASTROENTERITIS,
HEPATIC-ABSCESS, HIDRADENITIS-SUPPURATIVA, HYPOPYON, IMPETIGO,
INFECTED-AV-FISTULA, INFECTED-AV-SHUNT, INFECTED-INTRAVASCULAR-
CATHETER, INFECTED-RECTAL-FISSURE, INFECTED-ULCER, INFECTIVE-
ENDOCARDITIS, INTRAABDOMINAL-ABSCESS, KERATITIS, LUNG-ABSCESS,
LYMPHADENITIS, LYMPHANGITIS, MASTITIS, MASTOIDITIS,
MEDIASTINITIS, MENINGITIS, MYOCARDITIS, MYOSITIS, ORAL-
INFECTION, ORCHITIS, OSTEOMYELITIS, OTITIS-EXTERNA, OTITIS-
MEDIA, PANCREATITIS, PARONYCHIA, PELVIC-ABSCESS, PELVIC-
INFLAMMATORY-DISEASE, PERICARDITIS, PERINEAL-ABSCESS,
PERITONITIS, PHARYNGEAL-ABSCESS, PLACENTITIS, PNEUMONIA,
PROCTITIS, PROSTATITIS, PURULENT-PHLEBITIS, PYELITIS,
PYELONEPHRITIS, PYODERMA, RECTAL-ABSCESS, RENAL-ABSCESS,
RHINOSCLEROMA, SEPTIC-ARTHRITIS, SEPTIC-BURSITIS, SUBARACHNOID-
ABSCESS, SUBCUTANEOUS-ABSCESS, SUBHEPATIC-ABSCESS, SUBPHRENIC-
ABSCESS, SURGICAL-WOUND-INFECTION, TENO-SYNOVITIS, TONSILAR-
ABSCESS, TRACHEITIS, TRAUMATIC-WOUND-INFECTION, UPPER-
RESPIRATORY-INFECTION, URETHRITIS or VAGINITIS
Enter HELP for list of user options.
10) There is evidence that the suspected blood infection is
associated with bacteremia. Please indicate the infection,
if any, to which you feel this bacteremia may be secondary.
** ??
??
ORAL-INFECTION
πππ??ORAL-INFECTION=? ORAL-INFECTION ? ...no
=ORAL-INFECTION
11) Please give the date on which clinical evidence (symptoms,
signs, or laboratory tests) of the oral-infection first
appeared.
** ??ORAL-INFECTION
oral-infection
friday
ππππππ